diff --git a/src/dashboard/app.py b/src/dashboard/app.py
index 6124ad9..e9d8e26 100644
--- a/src/dashboard/app.py
+++ b/src/dashboard/app.py
@@ -13,10 +13,11 @@ from fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPException, Query
 from fastapi.responses import FileResponse
 
 
-def create_dashboard_app(db_path: str) -> FastAPI:
+def create_dashboard_app(db_path: str, mode: str = "paper") -> FastAPI:
     """Create dashboard FastAPI app bound to a SQLite database path."""
     app = FastAPI(title="The Ouroboros Dashboard", version="1.0.0")
     app.state.db_path = db_path
+    app.state.mode = mode
 
     @app.get("/")
     def index() -> FileResponse:
@@ -111,7 +112,7 @@ def create_dashboard_app(db_path: str) -> FastAPI:
 
             return {
                 "date": today,
-                "mode": os.getenv("MODE", "paper"),
+                "mode": mode,
                 "markets": market_status,
                 "totals": {
                     "trade_count": total_trades,
diff --git a/src/main.py b/src/main.py
index a424be2..ee5e051 100644
--- a/src/main.py
+++ b/src/main.py
@@ -2045,7 +2045,7 @@ def _start_dashboard_server(settings: Settings) -> threading.Thread | None:
             import uvicorn
             from src.dashboard import create_dashboard_app
 
-            app = create_dashboard_app(settings.DB_PATH)
+            app = create_dashboard_app(settings.DB_PATH, mode=settings.MODE)
             uvicorn.run(
                 app,
                 host=settings.DASHBOARD_HOST,
diff --git a/tests/test_dashboard.py b/tests/test_dashboard.py
index 38d872e..8620c44 100644
--- a/tests/test_dashboard.py
+++ b/tests/test_dashboard.py
@@ -415,28 +415,37 @@ def test_status_circuit_breaker_unknown_when_no_data(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     assert cb["current_pnl_pct"] is None
 
 
-def test_status_mode_paper(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
-    """MODE=paper일 때 status 응답에 mode=paper가 포함돼야 한다."""
-    monkeypatch.setenv("MODE", "paper")
-    app = _app(tmp_path)
+def test_status_mode_paper(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    """mode=paper로 생성하면 status 응답에 mode=paper가 포함돼야 한다."""
+    db_path = tmp_path / "dashboard_test.db"
+    conn = init_db(str(db_path))
+    _seed_db(conn)
+    conn.close()
+    app = create_dashboard_app(str(db_path), mode="paper")
     get_status = _endpoint(app, "/api/status")
     body = get_status()
     assert body["mode"] == "paper"
 
 
-def test_status_mode_live(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
-    """MODE=live일 때 status 응답에 mode=live가 포함돼야 한다."""
-    monkeypatch.setenv("MODE", "live")
-    app = _app(tmp_path)
+def test_status_mode_live(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    """mode=live로 생성하면 status 응답에 mode=live가 포함돼야 한다."""
+    db_path = tmp_path / "dashboard_test.db"
+    conn = init_db(str(db_path))
+    _seed_db(conn)
+    conn.close()
+    app = create_dashboard_app(str(db_path), mode="live")
     get_status = _endpoint(app, "/api/status")
     body = get_status()
     assert body["mode"] == "live"
 
 
-def test_status_mode_default_paper(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
-    """MODE 환경변수가 없으면 mode 기본값은 paper여야 한다."""
-    monkeypatch.delenv("MODE", raising=False)
-    app = _app(tmp_path)
+def test_status_mode_default_paper(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    """mode 파라미터 미전달 시 기본값은 paper여야 한다."""
+    db_path = tmp_path / "dashboard_test.db"
+    conn = init_db(str(db_path))
+    _seed_db(conn)
+    conn.close()
+    app = create_dashboard_app(str(db_path))
     get_status = _endpoint(app, "/api/status")
     body = get_status()
     assert body["mode"] == "paper"